John Ruskin
Born in
London, John Ruskin is mainly known for his magnificent work in the
field of art, literature and architecture. A fervent art critic, Ruskin
is also remembered for his ideas of socialism and immense contribution
towards promoting Gothic architecture. He gained popularity as a social
critic and a poet in the Victorian and Edwardian eras.
Childhood & Education
John Ruskin was born in London on 8 February 1819. His father was a
wine importer who owned a company that later became known as Allied
Domecq. The only child of his father, John Ruskin began his education at
home and then enrolled in to King’s College in London. Later he took
admission in Christ Church, Oxford University to further his studies,
where he won the Newdigate Prize for his poetry. Though he was never an
outstanding performer, the University granted him a voluntary fourth
class degree.
Initial Work & Controversies
John first wrote for an Architecture Magazine in 1836-7 which was
published as The Poetry of Architecture and soon afterwards, in 1839,
his work the Transactions of the Meteorological Society was published.
His initial work was not of much significance and went unnoticed, before
his first major writing Modern Painters came in 1843. The work, which
was published under the unspecified identity, became promoter of modern
landscape painters- specifically J.M.W. Turner, who in Ruskin’s opinion,
were far greater than several old artists of that era. As an artist,
John himself was very close to nature and his painting often revolved
around his observation of nature, such as clouds, trees seas and water.
The remark brought him under fire and drew criticism from the people who
had discarded Turner’s work as meaningless mess. The remark was taken
as an affront to the great artists of that era. However, According to
Ruskin-unlike old masters-Turner expressed a more thoughtful knowledge
of truths of the nature.
In another controversy, Ruskin was alleged to have destroyed
several paintings of Turner, who was a member of the Royal academy and a
friend of John Ruskin- because of their obscene theme. However, the
recent findings have proved these claims wrong. After working upon
nature for sometime, John shifted to the subject of architect. His two
major writings on the subject were The Seven Lamps of Architecture and
The Stones of Venice, where he strongly viewed that architecture can not
be separated from integrity. These writings were published in his name
and became his road to the fame.
Marriage & Personal Life
In 1848, John Ruskin married Effie Gray- the girl he had fancied
and wrote his early novel The King of the Golden River dedicating to
her. The marriage was unsuccessful though, and finally broke up in 1854.
Later, Effie Gray- who had demanded divorce on the ground of his
so-called impotency- married the artist John Everett Millais.
Ruskin’s and Millais association goes long back in later 1840’s,
when one of Millais’s paintings Christ in the House of his Parents came
in to controversies. Ruskin defended Millais until the intimacy between
Effie Gray and Millais was disclosed. Millais, who was a co founder of
the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood- an organization highly influenced by the
ideas of John Ruskin- denounced the organization, while the other
Pre-Raphaelite artists continued to receive financial and written
support from Ruskin.
Ruskin again fell in love. Rose La Touché, a deeply religious girl
met him in 1858. After a long period of ambivalence, she finally
rejected him in 1872 and died soon after. Devastated by her death,
Ruskin slipped into a state of mental illness and despair and suffered
several breakdowns.
Ruskin as critic & Socialist
In 1885, John Ruskin established the School of Art in Sidney
Street, Cambridge which later became known as Anglia Ruskin University.
Meanwhile he continued to write critical reviews of the art work
exhibited every year. He advocated the Gothic style for modern culture
and urged architectures to adopt the same. He had great respect for old
buildings and he strongly advocated the conservation of the ancient
buildings.
A fervent critic, Ruskin renounced art criticism in later years of
1850’s and embarked upon commentary on politics. His idea of socialism
matured during this period and he gave away most of his assets after his
father’s death as he believed that a rich person can not be a
socialist. In 1870, he established a charity Guild of St George and
supported it with his art collection worth millions. During this period,
he was a visiting faculty and became the first Slade Professor of Fine
Arts in 1869 at the Working Men’s College, London.
Ruskin’s outlook in socialism played a key role in the growth of
Christian socialism. He believed that the best deserves first. That is,
the employment system should be such that the only best worker gets
employed first, rather than one who offers to do the work at half the
rate. He endorsed the fixed wage system, which, in his opinion sustains
the quality work and promote a healthy competition.
Later Life
In his later life, Ruskin continued writing contemptuous reviews
and articles that often made him face legal consequences. In one of such
cases, he was sued by James McNeill Whistler in 1878. Though he was
ordered to pay only a small amount as compensation, Ruskin’s reputation
was badly affected after the incident.
During the Aesthetic movement and Impressionism Ruskin estranged from
the modern art world and began writing on other issues and continuing
his support humanitarian movements, such as Home Arts and Industries
Association. In his later life, Ruskin lived in Brantwood, a house on
the shores of Coniston, where the Ruskin Museum was established in 1901
after his death on 20 January 1900.
